Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. In practical terms, it primarily refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. These antibodies can be formed in response to various factors:
Infection: When the body encounters a microorganism (such as bacteria or viruses), it produces antibodies specific to that pathogen.
Foreign Proteins: For example, if someone receives a mismatched blood transfusion, their immune system may generate antibodies against the foreign blood proteins.
Autoimmune Diseases: In cases of autoimmune diseases, the body produces antibodies against its own proteins.
Serological tests play a crucial role in diagnosing infections, autoimmune illnesses, and assessing immunity. Here are some key points about serology:
Serological Tests: These diagnostic methods detect antibodies and antigens in a patient’s sample. They help diagnose infections, autoimmune conditions, and determine blood type. Forensic serology also uses these tests to investigate crime scene evidence.
Methods: Various techniques are used to detect antibodies and antigens, including ELISA, agglutination, precipitation, complement-fixation, fluorescent antibodies, and chemiluminescence.
Immunoglobulins: Most serologic tests measure two types of antibodies:
Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Produced in high quantities shortly after exposure to a pathogen, but declines quickly.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Produced more slowly but remains in circulation for a prolonged period.
Interpretation of Results:
IgM positivity suggests current or recent infection.
IgG positivity (with negative IgM) indicates past infection or immunization.
Antibody testing is done during the acute phase of illness and after recovery.
False and Negative results can be seen patient underging treatment or immunosupressent individuals.
Remember, serology provides valuable insights into our immune responses and helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions.
